Dreams In Aboriginal Beliefs

Dreams In Aboriginal Beliefs Like other religions, Aboriginal belief includes when things were created. They believe that their Ancestral Beings created land forms and animals plants. The Aboriginal word for this Creation Period varies according to each linguistic region throughout Australia. Aboriginal people often interpret dreams as being the memory of things that happened in this Creation Period. Dreams are important to Aboriginal people as it is a time when they are transformed back to their ancestral time. This connection of dreams to to the Creation Period has led to the commonly used term The Dreamtime to describe the time of creation in Aboriginal religion. The Dreamtime does not mean that a person is dreaming but it is a reference to the Creation Period. Definition of Dreaming The Dreamtime, or the Dreaming as it is sometimes referred to as, has no beginning or end but links the past with the present to determine the future. Dreaming stories explain the truth from the past together with a Code of Law for the present. The Dreaming or Tjukurrpa also means to see and understand the law as translated from the Arrernte language. Dreaming stories pass on important knowledge, cultural values and belief systems to later generations. Aborigines have maintained a link with the Dreaming from ancient times by expressing dreaming stories through song, dance, painting and story telling. Every part of Aboriginal culture is full of legends and beings associated with the Dreamtime. Each tribe has many stories, often containing a moral or a lesson to be learned, about duties, animals, plants and other beings. These stories are told to children, talked about campfires, and are sung and acted out during ceremonies. The Dreaming means our identity as people. The cultural teaching and everything thats part of our lives here you know? .. its the understanding of what we have around us. (Merv Penrith Elder, Wallaga Lake, 1996) Today we know where the Ancestral Beings have been and where they came to rest. The Dreaming explains how people came to Australia and the links between the groups throughout Australia. Connection between Dreaming, Land and Identity In essence, the Dreaming comes from the land. In Aboriginal society people do not own land but rather the land is part of them and it is their duty to respect and look after the land. The Dreaming did not cease when the Europeans arrived in Australia but just entered a different phase. Dreaming stories connect theories of occupation to the Aborigines close relationship with the land. This is often described by Aboriginal people when they talk about the land as my Mother. Aboriginal people believe that the same spirits who created the land, sea, waterways and life are involved with the conception and birth of a child. There is a direct link between Ancestral Beings and life. Land is fundamental to the well-being of Aboriginal people. For Aborigines the land is not just rocks or soil or minerals but it is the whole environment that sustains the people and is sustained by the people and culture. For Aboriginal people the land is the centre of all spirituality. This relationship between the land and the people continues to be central to the issues that are important to Aboriginal people today. Australian Aborigines were originally hunters and gathers with each clan or tribe having its own territory from which they gathered all they needed to live. These territories or traditional lands were contained by geographic boundaries such as rivers, lakes and mountains. Aboriginal people understood and cared for the different environments and adapted to them. Example of a Dreaming Creation story and significance to Aboriginal people Once the Ancestor Beings had created the world they changed the stars, rocks, watering holes and other objects into sacred places. These sacred places have special properties. The Ancestral Beings did not disappear at the end of the Dreaming but, according to Aboriginal belief, they remained in these sacred places. This concept of the presence of the Ancestral Beings with the land reinforces the idea that the Dreaming is never ending and links the past and the present, the people and the land. Our story is in the land . it is written in those sacred places . My children will look after those places. Thats the law. (Bill Neidjie, Kakadu Elder) The Creation or Dreaming stories, which relate the travels of the spiritual ancestors, are integral to Aboriginal spirituality. Mens and womens stories are often separated in Aboriginal culture. Knowledge of the law and Dreaming stories is passed on at different periods of life for Aboriginal people. The serpent as a Creation Being is perhaps the oldest continuing religious belief in the world. It dates back several thousand years. The Rainbow Serpent is part of Dreamtime stories of many Aboriginal nations and is always linked with watercourses such as billabongs, rivers, creeks and lagoons. The Rainbow Serpent is the protector of the land, its people and the source of all life. However, the Rainbow Serpent can also be a force that destroys if it is not respected. The most common version of the Rainbow Serpent story relates that during the Dreaming the world was flat, bare and cold. The Rainbow Serpent slept under the ground with all the animals tribes in her belly waiting to be born. When the time came she pushed up and called all the animals to come from their sleep. She pushed the land out, making rivers and lakes. She made the sun, the fire and all the colours. The Gagudju people believe the Rainbow Serpent was called Almudji and was a major creature being. It made passages through rocks and created waterholes. Today they believe, Almudji is still a creator as it brings the wet season each year. This causes all forms of life to multiply and it appears in the sky as a rainbow. However, they also believe that Almudji is also to be feared as he can punish anyone who breaks the law by drowning them in floods. The Gagudju people still believe that Almudji lives in a pool under a waterfall. The Jowoyn people of the Katherine Gorge area of the Northern Territory relate how the Rainbow Serpent slept under the ground until she awoke in the Dreaming. She pushed her way to the surface and travelled the land, sleeping when she was tired. She left behind her winding tracks and the imprint of her sleeping body on the ground. When she had finished travelling the earth she returned and called all the frogs to come out but they were slow because their bellies were full of water. The Rainbow Serpent tickled their bellies and when they laughed, water flowed out their mouths and filled the tracks and hollows left by the Rainbow Serpent, so creating rivers and lakes. This woke all the animals and plants who then followed the Rainbow Serpent across the land. Traditional Aboriginal rituals and significance of these to Aboriginal people Ceremonial ceremonies are seen as the core of cultural life for Aboriginal people. Small ceremonies, or rituals, are still practised in some remote areas of Australia. These rituals take the form of chanting, singing, dancing or ritual action to ask the Ancestral Beings to ensure a good supply of food or rain. The most important ceremonies are connected to initiation of boys and girls into adulthood. These ceremonies can last for weeks with nightly singing and dancing, story telling and use of body decorations and ceremonial objects. During the ceremonies, songs and dances about Ancestral Beings are told. Some of these are for women and children to see and hear while others are restricted just to initiates to learn. Another important ritual is on the death of a person. Aboriginal people cover their bodies with white paint, cut themselves to show sorrow for the loss of their loved one and take part in a number of rituals, songs and dances to help the persons spirit leave and return to its birth place where it can be reborn. Burial rites differ throughout Australia. People are buried in parts of southern and central Australia but have a different burial in northern Australia. In northern Australia a burial has two stages with each accompanied by ritual and ceremony. The primary burial takes place when the body is placed on a raised wooden platform, covered with leaves and branches and left for several months so the flesh rots from the bones. The secondary burial occurs when the bones are collected, painted with red ochre and then scattered in different ways. Sometimes a relative will carry some of the bones with them for a year or more. Sometimes they are wrapped in paperbark and placed in a cave. In parts of Arnhem Land the bones are placed in a large hollow log and left in the bush. Conclusion All parts of Aboriginal culture contain many legends and beings associated with the Creation Period or Dreamtime. Each tribe has its own stories, often with a lesson to be learned from the story, about the Creation Period spirits, animals, plants and other beings. These stories are told to children and at different ceremonies throughout the life of an Aborigine to ensure that the Dreamtime is passed on to each generation.

Physical Education and Academic Achievement in 10th grade Essay

Physical education in high schools in the United States of America is the one branch of academic filed which is gaining fast attention on the side of the Government policy, the schools administration. More and more emphasis-shift is being observed toward orientation of the students and their parents with regard to the importance of physical education and its connection with real life, health, and, above all, with higher academic achievement. In schools, although all grades bear importance with relation to physical education and higher academic achievement and attendance rate, it is, however, the ninth and tenth-grades where there is a turning point for the students. Therefore, it is the time for the schools administration to pay more attention toward the planning and application of the physical education in these grades. â€Å"Physical activity is critical to the development and maintenance of good health. The goal of physical education is to develop physically educated individuals who have the knowledge, skills, and confidence to enjoy a lifetime of healthful physical activity† (aahperd. org) It is apt to say that the way their physical education is planned and implemented required different parameters. This is so because the demands of students are different. They need to be exposed to such physical activities which not only excite them but also create a sense of responsibility in them; the main focus of such activities should then be to prepare them for real-life situation and challenges. Read more:  Physical Education Essays The present paper examines the link between physical education in 10th-grade and higher academic achievement in secondary schools of the United States of America. It also focuses on the link between physical education and its advantages when it comes to higher attendance rate and so on. The paper also investigates the findings of some major studies conducted in the area of academic achievement and its hypothesized relationship with such other diverse areas as after-school pursuits, homework phenomena, types of activities in and out of school, cross gender and ethnicity issues. This is to give the reader a proper understanding of the major issues in the present debate of achievement in high school and particularly of the tenth-graders. Review of Literature Physical education is a â€Å"systematic instruction in sports, exercises, and hygiene given as part of a school or college program† (infoplease. com). Thus, there are certain goals to be met by implementing the physical education scenario. There have been considerable attempts in encircling the physical education curriculum in the United States of America. However, it is only recently that more and more emphasis is being laid on the importance of physical education and its link between higher academic achievement and proportionate significance of attendance rate. Since the year 1987, NASPE (the National Association for Sport and Physical Education) has been in constant pursuit in the updated information about the awareness in public of physical education in US education system. There are certain reservations that come to us in this regard. Three of them are mainly discussed in the present literature about physical education in the US educational system. These are: (1) There is no federal law, as yet, which says that physical education is to be provided to the students in the US education system; also there are not listed any incentives to offer physical education programs. 2) Although states may come up with some ground for the physical education policies, the state schools are free to work on their own in promoting, retaining, reducing the physical education portfolio in their own way. ) Another issue is that many states let go the responsibility for all content taught in schools to local school districts. (pe4life. com) The evidence is also found on other literature and net resources that plainly make it public that in the United States of America, physical education is not something prioritized. Even physical education in high school and elsewhere are â€Å"in sorry shape† and that the physical education â€Å"has been squeezed out of school by new curriculum requirements and other factors† (ducationworld. om). Apart from this, there is now word by such professionals as physicians who see that physical education is very necessary for a better future generation. More solid evidence comes form the Report to the President: Promoting Better Health for Young People through Physical Activity and Sports. In this report, Donna Shalala, Health and Human Services Secretary, and Richard Riley, Education Secretary, boldly wrote: â€Å"Our nation’s young people are, in large measure, inactive, unfit, and increasingly overweight. This report should stimulate action to make sure that daily physical activity for young people becomes the norm in our nation† (pe4life. com). Although we can see that today more and more attention is being paid to the physical education policy in US education system, there are grave critical areas that need to be addressed for a better physical education policy. For example there are trends of abating physical education time in schools because of pressure from academic side. This is very much a problem present in today’s education system. The simple fact is that more and more research findings are coming along with results that show that the old maxim â€Å"sound mind in a sound body† is aptly right. Thus it is now acknowledged that the students who are physically fit perform better on the academic side as well. In this connection we see that: â€Å"a 2002 California Department of Education study found a direct correlation between higher levels of physical fitness and higher academic test scores. According to Delaine Eastin, California State Superintendent of Public Instruction, â€Å"We now have the proof we’ve been looking for: students achieve best when they are physically fit† (pe4life. com (b)). As such, a new educational approach is now being said to be coming up on the educational front of the US schools that is called ‘total mind, total body educational approach’. In addition to the above, U. S. Surgeon General Report states that â€Å"Nearly two out of three adult Americans, or 130 million of us, are overweight or obese†; as such The health problems related to our growing girths are well known – more heart diseases, diabetes and other weigh-related ailments that send 300,000 Americans to an early grave every year. In fact, if childhood obesity continues to grow at current levels, some health officials contend, this generation of youngsters may actually have a shorter lifespan than their parents – a first in history† (smc. edu). When the report gives this alerting call to the nation, it is of much relief that in the same report the U. S. surgeons also carve out some strategies to overcome the problem. Among these strategies, the most prominent place is give to the physical education for the youths in the high schools. However, this is also not wrong to state that with the advent of the recognition of physical education in high schools, specially in ninth- and tenth-grades, another debate has taken birth: Whether or not physical education grade be included in high school students’ GPA. This school of thought considers that inclusion of physical education grades in student’s GPA will boost up students’ morale and will encourage them to do better in the physical education class because â€Å"Physical education is truly a microcosm of life, and every lesson taught has the potential to translate into the â€Å"real world† and prepare students to become healthy, productive members of society† (elibrary. bigchalk. com). Whatever the arguments are, we can be certain that in today’s literature about physical activity and high schools, physical education is something that needs more and more space in schools policies so that a better tomorrow can be handed down to our future generation that is already getting more pressure from academic side. If we look at the schools curriculum regarding physical education of ninth- and tenth-grades, we find that there are no serious attempts at defining the education. For example, a school in US states only three basic goals for physical education for the ninth- and tenth-grades (benton. k12. wi. us). Another school very shortly gives only the names of the physical activities to be observed by the students (rockingham. k12. va. us). This kind of treatment is in abundance and needs serious attention on the part of the government and school administrations to bring solid measures for the improvement in this area. Physical Education and Academic Achievement in 10th-grade When it comes to physical education in high schools, we find that it is very important for people who are in grades ninth and tenth because â€Å"This is an age when students begin to impose self-judgement in terms of accepting their physical appearance and their willingness to involve themselves in positive physical activities† (teacherweb. com). According to the Physical Activity and Health (a report of the surgeon genera) there is deep linkage between physical education and academic achievement. Physical education makes it possible for a better and healthy start in life enabling students to go for challenges that are not touched upon by those who are not active through physical activity. Moreover, the report suggests that schools should create such programs that can offer students opportunities by which they can get into physical activity. At this stage, this becomes more important because that report informs that as people grow, they show more and more declination in goring for physical activity: â€Å"Physical activity declines dramatically with age during adolescence† (cdc. gov). Thus, there is stark need that students of ninth and tenth-grade must be made aware of the importance of physical education and their academic achievement. The physical education should also be given priority by the school administration so that a sound educational environment can be achieved for healthier and academically better grounds for the students of high schools. This has been found through the research that physical activities may enhance cognitive functioning of the brain. This, as a result, may explain the relationship found between the students’ involvement in physical activities and their academic success (nps. 12. va. us). There are three major findings in the literature that relate physical activity involvement and the cognitive functioning. These are: 1) There is a significantly â€Å"positive relationship between physical activity and cognitive functioning in children†; 2) â€Å"Results support possibility that participation in physical activity causes improvements in cognitive function†; 3) â€Å"Acute bouts of physical activity exert short-term positive benefits on the behavioural and cognitive functioning of youths†; ) It has also been found that â€Å"Being on a school sports team and having a positive achievement orientation were positively associated with physical activity levels† (holidaycalendar. dsr. wa). Therefore, from this very analysis it becomes pretty clear that in 10th grade (or roughly in high school), physical education plays a very important role as far as the phenomena of long, healthy life is concerned; as far as real-life active participation by the youth is concerned; and, above all, their academic achievement is concerned. However, looking at the picture more closely, we find that the present scenario in the United States of America, when it comes to physical education, academic success, link between physical education and academic success and real-life situation; there are certain challenges present to the Government. For example, â€Å"Nearly half of young people aged 12-21 are not vigorously active on a regular basis and physical activity declines dramatically with age during adolescence† (arlington. k12. va. us). And this has surely given the government a call of high alert because it is simply suggested that less physical activity on the side of the youth will give rise to ailments that will in return proportionately affect academic achievement of the students. Thus, today we can see that the United States of America is building more solid policies for coping up with the situation. In this very connection, a recent example is the President’s Challenge program, which purely focuses on bringing the people of the U.  S. to the physical activity grounds so that a healthier society for the future can be the possibility. This is â€Å"a program that encourages all Americans to make being active part of their everyday lives. No matter what your activity and fitness level, the President’s Challenge can help motivate you to improve† (presidentschallenge. org). The Presidential Challenge program is all about remaining with an active lifestyle and the program specifically focuses on how to assess the citizens in this regard. This program also introduces some rewards for the participants of the program like PALA (Presidential Active Lifestyle Award (presidentschallenge. org). This simply gives us the idea that the government of the U. S. has come up with grave policies which focus on the physical fitness of the citizens for a better tomorrow and a healthy society. Physical Education and Academic Achievement Debate  There are different schools of thoughts within the research that circle around the relationship between academic achievement in students and such other phenomena as physical education, homework, social loafing, and so forth. A considerable area of research exists that especially takes into examination the students of eighth to tenth grade. For example the article After-school pursuits, ethnicity, and achievement for 8th- and 10th-grade students which is one of the remarkable piece showing the contribution of people like James B.  Schreiber , Elisha A. Chambers, Walberg, Paschal, & Weinstein, Cooper, and so on. Thus the proponents of homework suggest that â€Å"Homework has been shown to have a positive relationship with† academic achievement. And that there is also a proportionate difference between the amount of time spent on homework (After-School Pursuits). However, the other side of the pole comes up with the argument that there is not total contribution that can be related to homework alone when looking into the matter of higher academic achievement. This school of though aptly analyzes the effects of physical education on academic achievement of the students. For example, a research review by Holland and Andre in the year 1987 brought into their examination the relationship, if any, between physical education or athletic participation and academic achievement in the students. Their findings brought some more elements of debate in the intellectual circle because they found that there were sex-related differences among students as far as physical education and academic achievement is concerned. They reported that the research demonstrated that male high school athletes received somewhat higher grade point averages (GPAs) than did nonathletes. However, when one considers standardized achievement or aptitude tests, boys whose only after-school activity was sports scored lower than national averages on the Standardized achievement Test. No significant differences in GPAs or standardized tests were observed between female athletes and nonathletes† (After-School Pursuits).

Evaluation of a Psychodynamic Theory of Personality...

Evaluation of a Psychodynamic Theory of Personality Development The basis of Freuds psychoanalytic theory was that the mind contained three parts: The Id, Ego, and Superego. He argued that the Id controlled the primal instincts such as aggression and sexual desire (libido), and was found in the unconscious mind. Its purpose is to gain immediate gratification, according to the pleasure principle. The Id, he said, was in competition with the ego. This is because the ego, working on the reality principle, is the more rational, and conscious mind. The superego oversees the Id and ego, and creates the sense of what is right and wrong. Freud believed that the Id was innate, that the Ego developed by†¦show more content†¦However, since the personality divisions are not physical, there is no way to prove that they do or do not exist. As a result of the conflicts between the Id, ego and Super Ego, Freud argued that the mind prepared ego defence mechanisms to reduce anxiety. These were Repression, Displacement, Projection, Denial and Intellectualisation. Myers and Brewin provided support for this theory in their study. They identified a set of people as repressors, and found that it took them longer to recall a childhood event than the control group. The study indicates that repression can be used as a defence. However, there is no way of checking the data the participants gave, and no way of confirming that repression had occurred. Freud also proposed that there were five distinct stages of psychosexual development, from birth until puberty. An innate driving force for satisfaction, called Libido, was responsible for the series of fixations on body parts. During the oral stage, the infant enjoys eating and sucking objects, during the anal stage, it develops an interest in the anal region, and during the phallic stage it gains satisfaction from the genital region. Afterwards, there is a latency stage and a genital stage. 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Essay Camparing Christian Mysticism and Buddhism - 3257 Words

What can be said about the unspeakable? How does one begin to describe the indescribable? The very act of discussing ineffability questions whether anything can be truly ineffable in the first place. Religion almost always critically depends on the ineffability of some experience or entity. This is a widespread tendency, but some would argue that it is a rule for all religions. That there must be the recognition of something â€Å"beyond,† â€Å"transcendent† or â€Å"pure.† Prior to judging Christian or Buddhist beliefs, it is necessary to understand ineffability itself. Generally speaking, it is unspeakable. Conceptually, it is not attainable. By our standards, it is beyond our human realm. To speak is to make distinctions. As†¦show more content†¦In order to grasp the ultimate truth, it is necessary to escape the linguistic and conceptual limitations that are part of humanity. To see beyond our filters and ourselves is the only way to experience something purely. 2. Christian Mysticism In the Christian religions, there is a God. Worshiped and loved, this divinity is three persons in one: the Father, the Son (Jesus), and the Holy Ghost. Among the multitude of denominations, and through the ages there have been many types of Christian mystics. The foundation of all religions is arguably set by mysticism, which is as Evelyn Underhill put it, â€Å"the direct intuition or experience of God† (Fanning, 2). Those who are identified as mystics in the Christian traditions claim to have had a very intimate, direct connection to God. This divine communion with God is claimed by mystics to be beyond words. It is not something that can be described to anyone who has not experienced it. That which we have heard it called, includes: â€Å"divine possession†, â€Å"mystical marriage with the deity†, and â€Å"mystical ecstasy† (Fanning, 7-13). They feel to have become one with God, and that they are God. They say that their way is the only way to properly worship God. Simply knowing of him is not enough; one must truly come to know him through mystical experiences. In order to achieve such a feeling, devotes must go through some personal growth first. To

The Factors of Eating Disorders Essay - 1821 Words

In modern culture, women and men are becoming less satisfied with their body shape. According to a report that was done by the Federal Trade Commission, seventy percent of Americans are either trying not to maintain their weight or are trying to lose weight (Kittleson 75). To compensate for being over weight, an individual will develop an eating disorder. According to Mark Kittleson, eating disorders are when an individual eats way too much or way too little (1). There are three different types of eating disorders, anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating. According to Jessica Bennett, twenty-five million people in the United States suffer from binge eating disorder and ten million women and one million men suffer from either anorexia or†¦show more content†¦Studies have shown that three percent of males and eight percent of females who were in high school said that they have either purged or took laxatives to lose weight (3). The symptoms of bulimia are tooth erosion, swallowing problems, esophagus problems, and acute stomach distress (â€Å"Eating Disorders†). However, binge eating disorder is completely opposite from anorexia and bulimia. Binge eating is when a person over eats in a short period of time. According to Susan Frissell and Paula Harney, two percent of the population suffers from binge eating disorder (27). Studies show that depression, anxiety, high blood pressure, and stomach pain is found in many people who suffer from binge eating disorder (Elkins 45; Kittleson 4). Many people will develop binge eating disorder because they want to distract themselves from a painful event that has happened in their life (Frissell and Harney 27). Many researchers have found that genetics are linked to eating disorders. Studies have shown that genetics are responsible for 56% of the onset of bulimia, anorexia, and binge eating (Johnson and Bulik). The Eating Disorder Review said that a person is four times more likely to become bulimic and twelve t imes more likely to become anorexic if he or she has a sister or mother who suffers from an eating disorder (Kittleson 44). Studies of identical twins have alsoShow MoreRelatedCultural Factors Of Eating Disorders1696 Words   |  7 PagesCultural Factors Culture has been identified as one of the etiological factors leading to the development of eating disorders. Rates of these disorders appear to vary among different cultures and to change across time as cultures evolve. Additionally, eating disorders appear to be more widespread among contemporary cultural groups than was previously believed (Miller, 2010, para. 2). Miller (2010) also stated that a variety of American ethnic groups have higher levels of eating disorders than previouslyRead MoreChildhood Factors And Eating Disorders Symptoms Essay1639 Words   |  7 Pagesabout childhood factors and eating disorders symptoms. In the last two decades the prevalence of anorexia nervosa in South Korea has increased. The rate has increased from 0.03% in 1987 to 0.2 percent in 2007A study found that the Korean women with AN had higher levels of anxiety, perfectionism and an emotional childhood with a lower number of supportive figures compared to the healthy control group. The study supported ideas that personal vulnerability could be an important risk factor for developingRead MoreEating Disorders : Social And Cultural Factors1820 Words   |  8 PagesEating Disorders: Social and Cultural Factors Donna Vega West Coast University October 24, 2014 Abstract In today’s society, eating disorders has become one of the main factors leading to the increased mortality rates in the United States. The two major eating disorders include Anorexia and Bulimia. Young adults especially, are in greater risk of having an eating disorder. With eating disorders being the third leading cause of death in young adolescent girls, it has also acquired 15 percentRead MoreFactors That May Contribute to Eating Disorders Essay2039 Words   |  9 Pagescause of eating disorders, they can be a trigger or factor in maintain an eating disorder (Pearson, Catherine 1). In other words, if a woman has a predisposition for an eating disorder and spends a lot of time looking at fashion magazines, this can be one of the factors that trigger feeling bad about her body, which she then turns into eating disorder behavior, like excessive dieting (Is the media to blame 1).† The media should not be the blame for a person’s own self esteem problem. 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Flaws in studies such as unrepresentative and insubstantial sample size, and participation bias still have yet to be corrected for in order to obtain a more accurate understanding of the role ethnicity and its factors plays in eating disordersRead MoreEnvironmental Factors And Biological Factors That Predispose People Habits And Behaviors Of Eating Disorders1679 Words   |  7 Pages Environmental Factors and Biological Issues That Predispose People to Habits and Behaviors of Eating Disorders Brittany N. Rehberg GCC Abstract There is a direct correlation between environmental factors and the development of eating disorders. Issues, such as bullying and skeptical comments, have been largely ignored. This thesis will attempt to show that biological as well as environmental issues correlate with a variety of eating disorders. Eating disorders would be Anorexia, BulimiaRead More ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Examine How One or More Factors (Biological, Cognitive, Socio-Cultural) Influence Either One Specific Anxiety Disorder or One Specific Eating Disorder?1838 Words   |  8 PagesExamine how one or more factors (biological, cognitive, socio-cultural) influence either one specific anxiety disorder or one specific eating disorder? Abnormal psychology is a division of psychology that studies people who are ‘abnormal’ or ‘atypical’ compared to the members of a given society. However, it is essential to note the fact that it is a very vague and ambivalent term, not to mention the fact that our socio-cultural heritage and specific circumstances may affect our perspective uponRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa889 Words   |  4 PagesANAD Eating Disorder Statistics about thirty million people in America of all ages and genders suffer from one of the three main eating disorders. Many people suffer from more than one of the eating disorders. Only 1 in 10 individuals receive the treatment that is needed to recover(ANDA). Often eating disorders are known to be triggered by outside factors in their life, but studies show that it is more likely to be a part of their genetics. According to Webster the definition of an â€Å"Eating Disorder†Read MoreInfluence of American Mass Media Ideals on Body Image and Eating Disorders in the U.S1243 Words   |  5 Pagesthe development of eating disorders? People living in countries influenced by Western culture show concern for their appearance or dietary habits daily. This paper will analyze the effect of mass media on the issues of body image and eating disorders in the United States. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV-TR (DSM-IV-TR) (2000) eating disorders are characterized by a disturbance in eating behavior, which can be eating too much, eating too little, or simply

Arms Race Free Essays

The great war of 1914 was one of the bloodiest conflicts modern man has yet experienced. Its consequences reached far from the battlefield and into the towns, homes and families of the soldiers. There are many arguable points one could debate regarding the origins of WW1 but much guilt resides on the part of the arms race. We will write a custom essay sample on Arms Race or any similar topic only for you Order Now An arms race can best be described as one country adding a portion to Its military then a neighboring country doing the same because It is nervous. The two countries continuously keep adding to their military might to keep up with one nother. Edward Cray, Britain’s foreign secretary from 1906-1916 offered a good examplel . If one country builds a rail way to the border of a neighboring country, then that country will feel threatened and subsequently will build a railroad of its own to the border. Anticipating an attack, the first country will begin to mobilize its army and perhaps build weapons. The second country now feels incredibly threatened and mobilizes its own army calling in all the reserve troops possible. Gray assessed that the only way to stop an arms race is war. An arms race does not simply start on its own. There is indubitably some event that triggers the arming of a country. In WWI, that can be attributed to the treaties between European countries2. When Austria and Serbia get into a dispute, Austria Issues an ultimatum with ten conditions. Serbia agrees to all but one and starts looking around for backup In case of attack. Serbia forms an alliance with Russia because Russia hates Austria. When Austria finds out they call their friend Germany for an alliance. Russia subsequently calls France knowing that France is looking for an easy shot to get back at Germany Tor tne Franco-Prusslan war Trom akes them pay dearly n w cn Germany aeTeats France ana for the loss3. On the day of the ultimatum, Austria declares war on Serbia, Russia declares war on Austria, Germany declares war on Russia, and France declares war on Germany. French and German Military development France had bounced back fairly quickly after the Franco-Prussian war and paid off their debts ahead of time. They were quickly becoming an industrialized nation with many assets. Their progress made both Germany and Britain wary because they both wanted to be the most powerful country and were insecure about any sort of threat. Around 1912 when things were beginning to heat up in Europe Russia, Germany and France began to ramp up their military forces4. Germany Added 120,000 men to its army in anticipation of trouble. With Germany beginning to arm, France passes a compulsory service law that required all men ages 20-40 to serve in the military for a set amount of time. For twenty years, Frances army had been growing faster that Germanys. This changed drastically though when Germany decided to start pouring majority of their resources into their military. Germany, although not one hundred percent responsible for the war, certainly did not back away from it. They participated in arms races such as these and instigated others such as the naval arms race. When war came about, Germany was more than ready for it because to their years of preparation due to the arms race. English and German Army development Around this same time Germany was trying to cause an issue between France and Britain over the country of Morocc05. Germany was trying to cause issues over the independence of Morocco mainly because they themselves had personal commercial interests in the area and they wanted to insight strife between the two fore mentioned countries. An international conference was called and Germany did not get its way. This critically weekend the already strained relations between Britain and Germany and France and Germany. After Germany failed to get what it wanted, it stopped relying so much on diplomacy and more and more on brute military power. As a result of this, Britain formed an elite group of men numbering 150,000 in size that was ready to cross the English Channel at a moment’s notice to invade Germany6. Germany knew this and was made nervous by it prompting them to mobilize even more. Russian and German arms Development When Russia saw this, they became concerned and added 500,000 to their own army and launched the â€Å"Great Military Program† that would add 10 percent to its army each following year. Russia had the most available man power but it was also the least industrialized of the major powers which would prove to be a very serious setback. Germany had not been really bothered by France and Russia arming themselves until they formed the Franco Russian Alliance in 18947. If war were to break out, Germany would be fghting on two fronts instead of only one which could spread their resources to the limit. Because Russia’s army was 300,000 men bigger tnan Germanys In IYUU, Germany Increased ne growtn 0T Its army even more In anticipation of having to fght a raging battle on two fronts. Russia’s army was considered a steam roller and was believe to be able to Just â€Å"roll† over any obstacle in its path with no trouble at a118. By this point, Germany, Russia, England, and France all had the new intentions of war such as the maxim gun, airplanes, and gas. They also had the factories to produce them. Some had better infrastructure already in place but they all had the capability. Germanys advantage ver both Russia and France was its incredible train system that would allow it to mobilize much quicker. The land arms race in general It is quite impressive to look at the spending of European countrys on their defense system in the years leading up to World War 1. Looking at the data, it seems quite obvious that we were on the brink of war. As far as defense spending goes, Germany was the most dramatic influx in spending per capita. While most countries populations are increasing at the about average rate while Russia more than doubles in size. As fore mentioned they were a formidable amount of man ower yet not yet quite industrialized enough to use these men to their full potential. Britain and German Naval Race In the years preceding WWI, Britain had been making an effort to expand their navy. Due to their status as an island nation, it was imperative that they maintain a powerful naw to protect their interests. Also, in the days of empires, Britain had to maintain a powerful maritime force to protect their interest across the world. In 1889 Britain passed a series of laws known as the â€Å"Two Power Standard†10. This policy states that Britain must maintain a fleet at least as big as the fleets of two other ountries combined. When this policy originally passed, they were looking at Russia and France. Whenever these two nations built new ships, Britain would build an equal or greater numDer In order to stay at or aoove tne same level 0T prestige. Britain encountered some trouble when The United States of America, soon to become the most powerful, prestigious, and desirable country in the world, started building an elite naval fghting force. At this same time, Japan and Germany were both developing their maritime forcesl 1 . Originally, Germany wanted to threaten Britain into Joining he triple alliance by building their naw but this had the opposite effect. Winston Churchill pointed out that Germany did not really need a naval force and it was more of a â€Å"luxury’ while Britain’s was a necessity. Sir Edward Gray stated that Britain’s naw is to them what Germanys army is to Germany. They also argued that Germany was only producing a naw to threaten Britain’s commercial trade interests and their imperial colonies. However, Britain is not the kind of country to sit around aimlessly while they feel threatened. They responded by building a new type of ship powered by a turbine engine called the Dreadnaughtl 2. This new fghting wonder was supposedly capable of sinking an entire fleet of it’s less powerful and agile predecessor the common battle ship. Germanys strategy was not to build a naw so significant that it could beat Britain’s in an all-out display of might but one Just big enough to keep Britain’s naw busy. By continuing to build ships with no intent of outbuilding Britain, they kept Britain nervous and spending a lot of money they did not necessarily have to. After England introduced the dreadnought, Germany was not far behind. Although they did not want to out build Britain, they could not afford o be outnumbered by ships of such a superior caliber. As it stood in 1914, Britain had 23 dreadnaughts, 10 battle cruisers, 30 pre-dreadnoughts, 47 cruisers, 61 light cruisers, 225 destroyers and 70 submarines13. This was the biggest naw in the world. Germany was in second place with 13 dreadnaughts, 6 battle cruisers, 30 pre- dreadnoughts, 14 cruisers, 35 light cruisers, 152 destroyers, and 30 submarines. We can attribute the fact that Germany is most renowned in this wasr for the use of submarines due to their sinking of high profile targets like the Lusitania. Also, Britain’s submarines would not have had the great opportunity at sinking ships German submarines did because there were not as many German trade ships floating around. Looking at these numbers, we can tell that Germany had precisely built the amount of ships they needed to keep the Englanders occupied and nervous. This was a very good plan on Germanys part because every dollar Britain was pouring into their naw was a dollar that would not go towards their land force. Germanys army was far bigger than England’s and they wanted it to stay that way. In 1912, Britain ctually tried to reach a settlement with Germany regarding the future of the arms race but it proved unsuccessful when Germany rejected it14. Britain did not want to keep pouring as much money as they were into their naw or military at all. As a result of Germanys refusal, Britain recalled all their ships across the world back to home waters to be ready for an attack. The other Naval Powers France ta s tnlra place wltn 14 areaanaugnts, no Dattle crulsers, 15 pre- dreadnaughts, 19 cruisers, 6 light cruisers, 81 destroyers, and no submarines. America came in behind France in fourth place. We had 10 dreadnaughts, 1 battle cruiser, 7 pre-dreadnaughts, 8 cruisers, Slight cruisers, 106 destroyers, and 39 submarines. We ruined Britain’s 2:1 policy in 1916 when Woodrow Wilson passed a law that required our naw to be at least as big as Britain’s. Russia also had a mid- sized naw although it was iced in to their cold and inhospitable harbor at St. Petersburg. They possessed 4 dreadnaughts, 1 battle cruiser, 7 pre-dreadnaughts, 8 cruisers, 5 light cruisers, 106 destroyers, and 36 submarines15. Japan was also a cause of worry for both Germany and Britain at first hen they emerged from their mystical land with a not inconsequential navy. They possessed 4 dreadnaughts, 2 battle cruisers, 2 pre-dreadnaughts, 9 cruisers, 1 5 light cruisers, 56 destroyers, and 15 submarines. All these naws had been escalating dramatically over the years leading up to World War 1 even though most of the fghting was to be on land. This was because if one country could have a big enough naw to hold a blockade across a main importing port of the enemy to cut off their supplies. In conclusion, I think we can definitively say that Sir Edward Gray was correct when e stated that the only means to end an arms race is through war. Once things begin to escalate, there is only a small disturbance that is necessary to catapult the countries involved into all-out war as seen in The Great war. Once an army is mobilized and hostile with another country, the only thing necessary to get the ball rolling is a degrading remark from a high up official or perhaps a trigger happy soldier. All this could be avoided if the countries had not been trying to compete against each other in the development of arms, armies, and navies. How to cite Arms Race, Papers

Getting to Know US Courts & Constitutional Law

Question: Getting to Know US Courts Constitutional Law You will research a current state and a current federal trial court issue, discover and analyze how the court name, type, level, and jurisdiction compare, and contrast, and then discuss with academically sound support, how the trial and appeal processes differ in state and federal courts. Second, you will research a current constitutional issue in the news and analyze, with supporting arguments and academically sound support, the constitutional issues that are raised, and then discuss how the case would progress through the courts, in order to reach the US Supreme Court. Organize assignment according to the following format, using subject headers in your assignments for each discussion point below: Introduction Analysis Discussion Answer: Introduction In the subsequent discussion a current state and a current federal trial court issue is discussed and an effort to analyze the same is done along with a current constitutional issue in the news is also analyzed. An effort to understand the procedure of the state and the federal trial court is also attempted herewith. Analysis State courts The maximum legal cases are determined in the state trial courts, the principal body of the government that is the state court at the lowest level in a court system of the state.(Gibson, 2011)The criminal and civil trials of O.J. Simpson were performed in both the California trial court. Based on the precisecomposition of your court system of the state, trial courts can be city or public courts, justice for the peace orJP Courts,circuit courts or county or even provincial trial courts. Nearly all states possess two trial courtsstages: trial courts withprecise jurisdiction and trial courts withrestricted jurisdiction.Jurisdiction actually means to the categories of cases a court is capable to justify. We may consider the exampleof trial courts of restricted jurisdiction that is able to include magistrate courts, municipal courts, county courts and justice of the peace courts (these courts give justice to a few categories of juvenile cases, civil cases, minor criminal cases and cases on traffic violations).(Lim, 2013) The majority legal issues are resolute in these categories of trial court. A number of trial courts with restricted jurisdiction as wellhave pre-trial hearings for further serious illegal cases. Courts of general jurisdiction comprise superior courts, circuit courts, district courts, or courts of common appeals, based on the state.(Owens, 2011)These courts justify lawsuits that encompass superior amounts of capital or furtherseverecategories of offenses which the cases judge in trial courts of restrictedauthority. A lot of states also possess particular trial courts which attend to cases connected to a very precisesector of the law. These courts are able tocomprise family law courts, probate courts, small claims courts and juvenile courts.(Benjamin N. Cardozo, 2010) After thatlevel up in the characteristic state court coordination are the appellate courts. These courts dont organize trials; on the contrary they evaluate the conclusions and measures of the trial courts in thearrangements and moreoversupport or overturn their judgments or adjust the quantity of a financialprize, from time to timethese appellate courts organize retrials. The judgments of the Lower court are not regularly appealed. One must begin an appeal and offer a legal basis for such an action.(Nussbaum, 2010) Each of the states possesses a court of last alternative, usuallytermed as the Supreme Court. Even though the decisions ofSupreme Court are concluding within the system, from time to timecases may be demanded to the U.S. Supreme Court; more like the appellate courts the supreme courts also examine the assessment and the measures of lower courts. These courts do not organize trials. State court issues The Bankruptcy-State Connection Laws related to bankruptcy can influence state courts in a lot of ways: 1. By staying anextensivediversity of state court events; 2. bydepictionof state court proceedings taken in breach of a stay void or voidable; 3. by liberationof amountoverdue sustained in state procedures and by liberation of claims which might otherwise be hoisted in such measures; 4. Bykeeping away from liens made by proceedings of the state; 5. By expanding the constitutional,contractual orlegal period of time within which convinced nonbankruptcy acts can be used. As a result, between other aspects, state court jury should: 1. Studythe working of bankruptcy stay, i.e.: When and To what do they apply, What are their effects, How their property may be finished, customized or abolished. 2. Set uppolicies or events to make the most of the likelihood which they will be trained of any appropriate stays. 3. Determinethe category of debts which are dischargeable and which are not. 4. Createanswer of fact and law to exploit any collateral estoppelsproperty they might possess. 5. Approachpermission decrees and devises support and property settlement responsibilities in behaviorswhich will successfully protect obliges.(Marianne B. Culhane, 2005) Jurisdiction Parliament has vested all authority over matters related to bankruptcy in the United States district courts. The district courts possess eliteinnovativeauthority over the bankruptcy case itself and innovativehowever non-exclusive, authority over civil events arising in or under, a bankruptcy case.(Lee Epstein, 2012) The district courts are operational to cease and permit state courts to continue in civil cases where comity or the attention of justice point to that the substancemust be explained at the state court. Section 1334 of Title 28, U.S. Code, also necessitates compulsorynonparticipation upon timely movement by a party. Where the federal courts, not present bankruptcy, would not haveauthority over the case, and the case is either (i) awaiting in a state court at the time the movement is filed or(ii) The case happen under state law and the proceeding be able to be timely judged in state court.(McCloskey, 2010) Federal courts The majority of the federal court arrangement is categorized into districts and circuits. In every statethere is at least one federal district and the states with high population may possess a number of districts for example Texas has eastern, western,northern andsouthern districts. Normally, central lawsuits originate at the district level in a federal court. Maximum of these cases are civil and are not usually criminal, cases concerning legal issues which comes within the authority of the federal government or the not state government. If in case a lawsuit concerns with a categories of federal law, it is taken to in a particular federal court. Bankruptcy court,Tax court,court of veteran appeals, and court of federal claims are all examples of particular federal courts.(AK Reitler, 2012 ) Every federal process comprisesa number of districts and is also the home to a Federal Court of Appeal, these categories of courts works as an equivalent body to a state appellate court. At the very pinnacle of the federal court system stands the Supreme Court of the United States. The legal explanations of the Supreme Court are The Final Word on the law in this nation. The nine top judges who actually are responsible for the hearings on the Supreme Court are chosen by the President and accepted by the U.S. Senate. (J. Scott Harr, 2014)They have the power to remain on the court until their death or they may also resign as per there will. The Supreme Court of the United States pass judgment on only a very few quantity of cases. It can be clearly understood that so as to get to that level, any case have to usually effort its way up throughout the inferior tiers of the state court system or the federal method. The judges decide the cases they pay attention to every year depending on the implications of the case for Americans on the whole or for a certain community that is also part of the society, not just the effect on the bodies that are actually concerned in the lawsuit itself.(Karlen, 2014) A few cases of the Supreme Court are follows: Brown vs. the Board of Education of TopekaThis verdict was the commencement of the end of racial separation in public schools in America.(D Smith, 2014) Roe vs. Wade Gave all women in American the authority to make a decision for themselves, in discussion with their doctor, if or not to have an abortion. Miranda vs. Arizonathisverdict gave individuals who got arrested the authority to be informed of their legal rights when they are getting arrest.(O'Connor, 2012) The Constitution of America only permits certain categories of cases to be judged by the federal courts. In common, these courts are restricted to cases which occupyimportant factors like Issues of constitutional law, definite issues between residents of different states, Issues between U.S. citizens and foreign persons, and issues that engage both federal and state laws.(Tushnet, 2009) The legal system of the state is emphasized on theadversarial procedure,which refers that primary to all court eventsin spite ofof the court, is the conviction that all bodies in a legal argumentshouldhave an equal prospect to explain their case to a judge or jury who shall remain neutral at any circumstance and to find the flaws in the statements of the other side. The rules are applied to both parties giving them equal opportunities of winning. This obligationassists to level the playing field, making certain that everybodygets fair treatment.Attorneys are taught regarding these rules in their law school.(Choper, 2013 ) Federal court issue In the year 2005, with the departure of Justice O'Connor and the loss of Chief Justice Rehnquist, President Bush selected John G.Roberts Jr. to take the responsibilities of Rehnquist and Samuel A.Alito Jr. to take the responsibilities ofO'Connor. These actions, particularly that of Alito, who was established in 2006, were normallyunderstoodas growing the conservatism of the Court, as revealed by its maintenance of a federal law prohibiting the late-term abortion process abortion adversaries have referred as "partial-birth" abortion and its judgmentthatpowerfullyrestricted the quantity to which school districts might use race so as to avoid re-segregation.(Liptak, 2012) A distinguisheddecision of the new Court firmed that the president be no longer having the power to use military commissions which had not been certified by Congress to try overseas terror suspects. The judgment seemed to destabilize the Bush administration, which was very old but lawfully untested statement that the constitutional powers of the president to protect the United States were not matters to congressional legislation. (Carrubba, 2009)The judgmentreversed an appeals court verdict that had been determined in part by the new chief justice, who has notparticipates in the verdict. US President BarackObamaallotted SoniaSotomayorin the Court in 2009; observed as a liberal, she took the place of Justice Souter and turned out to be the Court's first Hispanic-American associate. In 2010 ElenaKaganwas chosen to the Court, at the place of the retiring Justice Stevens. Succeedingdistinguished and contentious decisions comprise the Court's narrow maintenance, in large elements, of the Affordable Care Act in 2012, and two conclusions, on paper (2013, 2015) by Justice Kennedy, which extended legitimateconstitutionalappreciation and defense to same-sex marriage.(Alexander, 2012 ) Discussion Current constitutional issue in the news Hotze v. Burwellengage the meet to the person and companyauthorizationandprovisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA). The plaintiffs inHotze is the Texas physician Steven Hotze and his corporation, filed a law suit in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Texas, in dispute that these requirementsbreach the Origination Clause of the constitution, that provides all bills for building up of Revenue shall start off in the House of Representatives; except the Senate may suggest or harmonize with modification as on other bills.As per the plaintiffs, the ACA is a bill to raise the revenue that did not begin in the House of Representatives. Thearguments made by plaintiff was rejected by the district court, stating that the ACA is not a bill for revenue-raisingbeneath the Origination Clause and, in the substitute, even if the bill is a revenueincreasing bill, it is nevertheless constitutional since the ACA initiated in the House of Representatives and the amendments of the Senate to the Act were correct under the beginningsection. (Whittington, 2009) PlaintiffsAfter that the appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit: On the year of 2014 July 17, CAC filed anamicecuriaeconcisein the Fifth Circuit for Senator Ron Wyden of Oregon who was the chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, and delegate Sandy Levin of Michigan who was a ranking associate of the house ways and means commission, representing that the confrontedsupplies of the ACA satisfy the necessities of the Origination Clause. (Huntoon, 2014 ) At the time when the framers drafted the innovative national charter they long the exactequilibrium of power that be supposed to exist among the House of Representatives and the Senate. The Origination Clause was serious and significant to the sense of balancewhich was used, providing the significantprivilege to suggest bills which would influence the national treasury to the House of Representatives, although guaranteeing that the Senate would maintain power of the broad to modify such legislation. Because the Constitution was accepted both of the houses of Congress have esteemed this balance.(Fisher, 2014) The Senate has correctlyutilized its constitutional power to adjust revenue raising bills, except when it has disregardedthe choice of the House by enforcing to originate such bills itself, the House has enthusiasticallyprotected its constitutionallyapprovedpower. Most frequentlythe body has completed this by the use of a blue slip resolution to notify the Senate that the House c onsiders the bill of the Senate or the Senates adjustment to a House nonrevenue bill infringes upon the constitutional prerogative of the House to create bills for increasing revenue and that consequently, the House declines to judge the Senate bill.(J Perkins, 2014 ) The ACA meets the necessities of the Origination Clause since it was created in the House as H.R. 3590, the Services Members Home Ownership Tax Act of 2009, and was thenmodified by the Senate to happen to be the ACA. The SMHOTA was a bill to raise the revenue inside the significance of the Origination Clause, and both example and settled live outreveal that the Senates adjustment of the SMHOTA was reliable with the necessities of the Origination Clause.(James Q. Wilson, 2014)Additionally not a solitaryassociate of the House filed a blue slip declaration at the time the ACA was being measured. AsamiceSenator Wyden and Representative Levin know from their widespreadknowledge and leadership characters in the congress, the breakdown of any associate of congress to lift such an oppositionadditionallyconfirm that the disputenecessities of the ACA please the necessities of the Origination Clause(Kahan, 2011). On November 14, 2014, the Fifth Circuit decidedthe motion of CAC for disagreement time, assigning 10 minutes to speak for Senator Wyden and Representative Levin. The court listened to the verbal argumenton December 2, 2014, and on April 24, 2015, justified that since the plaintiffs had been unsuccessful to sufficientlycreate an impact that would provide them standing, the district court was short of jurisdiction to consider their objection in the first place. On June 8, 2015, the plaintiffs hunted for en bancevaluation by the full Fifth Circuit, which was not entertained on August 17.(SJ Willis, 2015) The plaintiffs filed an appeal for a writ ofcertiorariwith the Supreme Court On the year 2015, November 12. After getting an extension, the government filed a concise in resistance to cert. on January 13, 2016. The Supreme Court is likely to decide if to review the case or not in the end of this winter. Reference AK Reitler, J. F. ( 2012 ). Interdistrict Variation in the Implementation of the Crack Retroactivity Policy by US District Courts. Criminal Justice Policy Review ; https://cjp.sagepub.com/content/early/2012/10/23/0887403412462384.abstract . Alexander, J. (2012 ). Military Commissions: A Place Outside the Law's Reach. A Place Outside the Law's Reach. U. Ill. LJ ; https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2115073 . Benjamin N. Cardozo, A. L. (2010). The Nature of the Judicial Process. Quid Pro Books. Carrubba, C. J. (2009). The Journal of Politics,. A model of the endogenous development of judicial institutions in federal and international systems , 55-69. Choper, J. (2013 ). Judicial review and the national political process: A functional reconsideration of the role of the Supreme Court. Quid Pro Books. D Smith, S. T. (2014). The Contradictions of the Legacy of Brown V. Board of Education, Topeka (1954): A Special Issue of Educational Studies. Routledge. Fisher, L. (2014). Constitutional Dialogues: Interpretation as Political Process. Princeton University Press. Gibson, J. L. (2011). Law Society Review, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-5893.2011.00432.x/full. Has legal realism damaged the legitimacy of the US supreme court?. , 195-219. Huntoon, L. (2014 ). The Albatross Award. Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons; https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.689.3734rep=rep1type=pdf . J Perkins, D. S. (2014 ). ACA Implementation: The Court Challenges Continue. The Court Challenges Continue. Annals Health L., 23, 59.; https://heinonlinebackup.com/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/anohl23section=16 . J. Scott Harr, K. M. (2014). Constitutional Law and the Criminal Justice System. Cengage Learning. James Q. Wilson, J. J. (2014). American Government: Institutions and Policies. Cengage Learning. Kahan, D. M. (2011). Harvard Law Review, . Foreword: Neutral Principles, Motivated Cognition, and Some Problems for Constitutional Law , 1-77. Karlen, D. (2014). Appellate Courts in the United States and England. Quid Pro Books. Lee Epstein, T. G. (2012). Constitutional Law: Rights, Liberties and Justice 8th Edition. SAGE. Lim, C. (2013). Preferences and incentives of appointed and elected public officials: evidence from state trial court judges. The American Economic Review; https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/aea/aer/2013/00000103/00000004/art00009 . Liptak, A. ( 2012). Court under Roberts is most conservative in decades. Sup. Ct. Preview 48 ; https://heinonlinebackup.com/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/suemrtpre20section=9 . Marianne B. Culhane, M. M. (2005). Bankruptcy Issues for State Trial Court Judges. A Publication of the American Bankruptcy Institute. McCloskey, R. G. (2010). The American Supreme Court: Fifth Edition. University of Chicago Press. Nussbaum, M. C. (2010). From Disgust to Humanity: Sexual Orientation and Constitutional Law. Oxford University Press. O'Connor, M. (2012). The US Supreme Court revisits Miranda in a trilogy of cases and clarifies some of its principles but does not weaken Miranda's core values. Criminal Justice Studies ; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1478601X.2012.705526 . Owens, R. J. (2011). Law Society Review, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-5893.2011.00464.x/pdf. Justices and legal clarity: Analyzing the complexity of US supreme court opinions , 1027-1061. SJ Willis, H. T. (2015). The wrong house: why" Obamacare" violates the US constitution's origination clause. American Journal of Medical Research; https://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA426766522sid=googleScholarv=2.1it=rlinkaccess=fulltextissn=23344814p=AONEsw=w . Tushnet, M. (2009). Weak Courts, Strong Rights: Judicial Review and Social Welfare Rights in Comparative Constitutional Law. Princeton University Press. Whittington, K. E. (2009). Political Foundations of Judicial Supremacy: The Presidency, the Supreme Court, and Constitutional Leadership in U.S. History. Princeton University Press.